Module #8 - chapter 23 titled “Capitalism and Culture.”

2) What factors contributed to economic globalization in the second half of the twentieth century?

The factors that contributed to economic globalization in the second half of the twentieth century were the aftermath of WWII, technology, and the growing economy. The aftermath of WWII contributed when the United States was determined to not return to the conditions of the Depression-era. Technology lowered transportation costs, the internet provided global interactions and the Growing economy led to dozens of new nations in the world economy.


3) In what ways has economic globalization more closely linked the world’s peoples?

The ways that economic globalization more closely linked the world's peoples are the world trade which skyrocketed in 2012. Departments stores and supermarkets around the world stocked their shelves with goods from every part of the globe, 2005: Walmart's products came from China and Toyota was replaced as the world's largest automaker. 

11) In what ways did Islamic renewal express itself?

Ways that Islamic renewals express themselves were when people became more religiously observant which made them attend mosque, pray, and fasting. Women adopted Islamic dresses and veil on their own. 

Module #6 - chapter 22, titled “The End of Empire.”

4) What obstacles confronted the leaders of movements for independence?

The obstacles that the leaders of movements for independence were the questions that people had about who would lead them and how everything would work in power, strategy, ideology, and contributions 0f material benefits if they would overthrow the British government. 

5) How did India’s nationalist movement change over time?

The India's nationalist movement changed over time because the British never assimilated info Indian Society because of their sense of racial and cultural distinctiveness kept them apart. The Indian National Congres' goal was to be able to gain greater inclusion within the political, military, and business life of British India instead of overthrow its government.

6) What was the role of Gandhi in India’s struggle for independence? 

The role of Gandhi in the struggle of independence in India was being the leader of movements done to try and take the British Government down. The movements he helped lead were to rise the status of India's lowest polluting group, embraced efforts to mobilize women struggling against Britain's to believe in their role in a marriage and society and he also preached hatred of Muslims. What made him different from other leaders at the time because he was known for his conduct during his campaigns which were non-violent. 

moodle #5 historical pandemic

The Plague

Another pandemic that the world went through in the past was the  Black Death, also known as The Plague.  Black death began in Europe and then spread to Asia a few years later. This website mentions that recent research suggests that it started in Europe and began to spread because of the trading of boats that happened between the far and near East. It is explained that the symptoms of the black death started with strange swellings that had pus and blood coming out, and after this fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, terrible aches followed then at the end death. The Plague never left it returned 800 years later. There were 200 million lives lost." many people believed that the Black Death was a kind of divine punishment—retribution for sins against God such as greed, blasphemy, heresy, fornication, and worldliness." "port city of Ragusa was able to slow its spread by keeping arriving sailors in isolation until it was clear they were not carrying the disease—creating social distancing that relied on isolation to slow the spread of the disease."

Module #4 - Chapter 20

In section of Fascism form chapter 20, it talks about Fascism Alternative in Europe. The new political ideology known as racism was found between 1919 and 1945 across Europe. It educates that racism  "bitterly" praised violence to the individualism, liberalism, feminism, parliamentary democracy, and communism. Because of these ideas, it got a lot of upset people after World War l. People I middle, and upper classes felt a dire threat to the rise of socialism and communism. Some lost faith in the capacity of liberal democracy and capitalism to create a good society. It also explains that fascism alternative first took shape in Italy. It informs that Benito Mussolini came to power in 19922 by promising an alternative to both communism and ineffective democratic rule, the order in streets, end of bickering party-based politics, and maintenance of the traditional social order. His rise to power brought violence because it made people go destroy the socialist's offices and newspapers.

During my self-guided research, I  found an article titled, "What to Know About the Origins of Fascism’s Brutal Ideology" it informs its audience that Benito, "wasn’t inventing the idea of violent authoritarianism. But he put a name on a new and terrible breed of it. Under his leadership, squads of militants attacked, beat, and killed fellow Italians." This quote tells the audience fascism wasn't as bad he made it be. This man used his new breed of fascism to treat the race he hated horribly. What this article made realize was that Benito made an alliance with Hitler who used this new breed against the Jewish.

Module #3 - chapter 19 - 3 questions

2. How did Western pressures stimulate change in China during the 19thcentury?

Western pressures stimulate change in China during the 19th century by making them feel offended because of the seizure of their property in opium and military so that caused them to send a large naval expansion to china with determination to end the restrictive conditions.

5. What lay behind the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 19thcentury?

What lay behind the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century was that ottoman state weekend by not being able to raise revenue while others gained greater power, their military lost their edge wich concluded on becoming conservative. 

9. In what ways was Japan changing during the Tokugawa era?

Japan changed by becoming them the most urbanized country, it encouraged men education and gave 15% more chance for women to get an education too, it marked japan as an emerging market economy, in conclusion, all these changes provided a solid foundation for Japan's remarkable industrial growth.

online module #2 - chapter 18 - 3 questions

3. What contributed to changing European views of Asians and Africans in the 19thcentury?

What contributed to changing European views of Asian and Africans in the 19th century was that Europeans religion which made them believe that they were superior to Africans and Asians, what also contributed was the belives of the Chinese toward African and Asian people and in the 19th century they decided to use their science as evidence to support their racial references (racism). which resulted in making a chart with the whites on the top and African and Asians as the "less developed" at the bottom.

11. How did cash-crop agriculture transform the lives of colonized peoples?

Cash-Crop agriculture transformed the lives of colonized people by making West Africa the world's leading supplier of cocoa, making chocolate, people started farming their own land with family labor, labor shortages brought migrants from the drier interior parts and under the circumstances, the population boomed.

12. What kinds of wage labor were available in the colonies? Why might people take part in it? How did doing so change their lives?

The kind of wage labor that was available in the colonies were mines. Many Asians took part in it because it drew many millions of impoverished. This changes their lives because working in mines had appalling living conditions, disease, and accidents that had high death rates. 

Online Module #1 - Industrial Rev - Chapter 17 - 3 questions

4) How did the Industrial Revolution transform British society?

The Industrial Revolution transformed the British Society by "[destroying] their old ways of living and left them free to discover or make for themselves new ones"(Eric Hobsbawm, 746).  Britain's political life welcomed people with technical skill without caring about what religion they believed in and encouraged their belief in observations, experiments, and precise experiments. And they had a ready supply of coal and iron ore. This all transformed British society to become the first industrial society.

12) What did humankind gain from the Industrial Revolution, and what did it lose?

Humankind gained knowledge of the outside world around them. Humankind gained scientific facts, rights, objects, and ideas. Some examples of what humankind gained were the different food and items that were traded around the world, pollution, illnesses, and medicine.
5) How did Britain's middle classes change during the 19th century?

 Britain's middle classes increased during the 19th century because the majority of the population during this time were not aristocrats nor middle class. Young women and girls from laboring classes were married into industrial work or found jobs as domestic events for upper to middle-class families. Inside the homes, women started to earn money in their jobs and continued their domestic and child responsibilities.  The lives of laboring classes were shaped primarily by the working conditions that the industrial era brought them.

Blog#7 chaper 16

Europecentration: Europe believed rget were better than other places. This led to the enslavment of African people because European believed they were not human because of how different they looked and the birtish took over government. When Enlighments ideas such as freedom and equality started to apear North America got their independence back from the british government. 

When the enlightemnt of Europe, France spread thorugh the world, people in Haidi who were enslaved by Euorpeans started to think that they might get freedom and equality like they did in North AMerica and waited patiently and excietly when that didn't happen they started to rebel against their owners, That event was the only successful rebel by slaves in history and because of this slaves from other places were treated with brtality so they won't have a chance to rebel and succed. 

Bog #6: second half of chapter 15

Chinese encounter with Christianity was different from native Americans in Spain's New world empire. The difference was: in Spain, the political context which have been defeated, disrupted, and cultural confidence shaken and in China encountered Europe Christianity and in no point was china's society and culture threatened.

Europeans were central players in the globalization of Christianity, while christianity was expanding or transformed culture, African American religious ideas accompained slaves to Americans. Europeans perceived African American's religious practices as sorcery, witchcraft, or even devil worship and tried to suppress them.

From oystering base in central Arabia. the Wahhabi movement represented a challenge to the Ottoman Empire, while its ideas subsequently spread widely within the islamic world.

Chinese elite culture took shape in a movement know as kaozheng or "research on evidence" which intended to seat truth from facts.

science revolution:
-breakthrough in the science revolution came from the polish mathematician and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.

Blog #5 first half of chapter 15

The early modern era of World History started the cultural trends of the spread of Christianity to Asians, Africans, and Native Americans and the modern scientific outlook.


Martin Luther came to a new understanding of Salvation: he believed that it came through fate alone. His ideas provoked a massive schism pithing the world of catholic christendom. Women were attracted  to Protestantism because Reformation did NOT have reaching and practices that offer them a substantially greater role in the church and society.
Reformation spread quickly beyond Germany with the invention of the printing press.

• there was a class division in Europe because of the different religions: (1562-1598) French society by violence between Catholics and the Protestant minority known as Huguenots (HYOO-guh-naht). in August 24, 1572 catholic mobs in Paris massacred some 3,000 Huguenots and thousands perished weeks after.
• Christianity motivated European political and economic expansions and also benefited from it.

Blog #4 other half of chapter 14

" World Hunt"

fur trade was a competitive enterprise

In the early modern era, furs joined silver, textiles, and spices as major items of global commerce.
Furs provided:

• warmth
• conveyed status

European population growth made fur run out of beavers, rabbits, sable, marten and deer which made them witness some cooling temperatures and harsh winters. 

Slave trade: between 1500 and 1866 this trade in human beings took an estimated 12.5 million people from African societies, shipped them across Atlantic in the infamous middle passage and lived their often-tried-lives as slaves. slaves suffered forced labor, beatings, and braidings, broken families and displacements from home cultures

Blog #3 half of Chapter 14

Page 601-610


Children Everywhere learn that the European Empires in the Western Hemisphere grew out of an accident---Columbus's unknowing encounter with the Americas -- and that new colonial sociaties and new commercial connections across the Atlantic were the result..BUT in Asia it was a different story!

To Asia it was No accident...it was an outcome of a deliberate, century long Portuguese effort to explore the sea route to the east.  The medication to for the massive effort was because of the desire to have  the spices: cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, cloves, and above all, pepper(from Java).


A portugueses Empire of commerce:

Portuguese created in the Indian Ocean in commonly known as a "trading post empire" for they aimed to control commerce, not large territories or populations and to do so by force of arms rather thinly economic competition.

Spice Trade: for a thousand years, spices were a major trade item in the Indian Ocean commercial network

Dutch and English were competitors for the spice trade and together they quickly overtook and displaced the Portuguese often by force, even as they competed vigourously with each other as well.

Blog #2 Chapter 13

The European had a lot of advantages to conquer the Americans and those were:

• They were closer to the Americas than other patential competitors
• better invention and techniques than others
• reason to expand which was to gain the America's argriculural land  

The great Dying: 

 The contact between Native American people with Europeans caused diseases to be given to  Native Americas such as smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, and later yellow fever. This caused Native Americans to die in appalling numbers, losing 90% of the population.

The Great Dying and the impact of age large Ice Age created an acute labor shortage and certainly did made room for immigrant newcomers, both colonizing Europeans and enslaved Africans.

A quite different kind of colonial society emerges in the lowland areas of Brazil, ruled by Portugal, and in Spanish, British, French, and Dutch Colonies in the Caribbean. Europeans found a very profitable substitute in sugar wit was such in demand in Europe, where it was used as a medicine, a spice, a sweetener, and preservative and in sculptured forms as a decoration that indicated high status.

blog #1 intro to chapter 13

"an early modern era" means that there can be found some signs or markers of the modern world. Which has been found around the world, but it was more obvious in Europe.

• World population more than doubled (1400-1800). The places that experienced the beginning of modern population growth were China, Japan and India. 

Late Agrarian Era

• Europeans ruled the Americans and controlled the world's sea routes but their political and military power in Mainland Asia and Africa were very limited.
• Islam was the more rapidly spreading faith in much of Asia and Africa
• While the Textures of patriarchy varied among cultures and fluctuated over time, nowhere had ideas of gender equality taken root.

Map
Chapter 13 in the map is located in Spain's American Empire, Britains thirteen colonies, Islamic Reformation, Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, Tokugawa Shogunate and Chinese imperial expansion.

Done

Yay - I am done!